Computer user interface with non-salience deemphasis

ABSTRACT

A relativity controller is a scroll bar/window combination that provides a way to see data in relation to both the context of its wholeness and the salience of its contents. To accomplish this, the linear density or other appearance of the scroll bar (acting as a ruler or scale) varies with the density of the document salience (as indicated by different kinds of annotations or marks). It also provides a way to zoom between perspectives. This is usable on many different data types: including sound, video, graphics, calendars and word processors.

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/844,466, filed on Apr.18, 1997, which was a continuation in part of application Ser. No.07/990,339, filed on Dec. 14, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,623,588.

This invention relates to a computer system, and in particular tocomputer tools to improve user perspectives and enhance navigation orbrowsing of information sources stored in or available via the computer.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

As computer accessing of large quantities of information increases, theability of users to navigate large information spaces and to maintainvisualization or personal perspectives thereof decreases [1] (bracketednumbers reference publications identified in Appendix A).

The need for this type of control has been expressed most recently byFurnas [2], Mills [3], Degen [4], and Chimera [5].

Furnas' solution to the problem of understanding the limited informationavailable in a window of large information structures is to provide inthe window the detailed region to be considered in the context ofimportant preceding or succeeding parts of the large structure. Forexample, to edit lines in the middle of a program, the window would alsodisplay, say, declarations at the beginning of the program. Nomagnification of desired information or shrinkage of undesiredinformation is employed; rather, the desired program information isnormally displayed, and many parts of the program are omitted from thedisplay.

Mills et al addressed the issue of giving users access to video data bymagnifying time through successive hierarchial extraction ofincreasingly detailed segments. Each expanded view was displayed in aseparate window of the display. And each segment view, as well as thetotal video view, including the time lines associated therewith, werelinearly arranged from a temporal standpoint.

Degen et al moved marks on audio tape to a digitized counterpartdocument scroll bar, and let the user change the visual scaling of timewithin a single window, as well as the speed of playback. But, again,the visual representations, whether of the original size or of thezoomed expanded size, had a linear temporal structure.

Chimera, on the other hand, maintained a full display within the windowbut was unable to provide a zooming feature or expanded segment view ofa text listing. Instead, Chimera used scroll bars that, independent ofthe original data's representation, indicate relative values of listattributes by respectively scaling proportions of list item indicators,according to those attributes, in the scroll bars.

Furnas shows in a single window multiple fisheye views of documentsegments. But Purnas doesn't disclose how a user can select whichsegments to display, or the means to magnify certain segments, or themeans to control the degree of magnification, nor does Furnas provided ascroll bar or its equivalent as a convenient interface for the user tomanipulate the display.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

An object of the invention is a computer system providing improved meansto allow users to extract important segments of computer-displayedinformation in the form of video, sound, graphics or text whilemaintaining a general view of the information.

Another object of the invention is a computerized system and method toenable users better to navigate or visualize large information spaces.

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, means areprovided to enable a user to visibly mark points or segments ofdisplayed information, which will enable the user to quickly navigate tothe marked displays.

In another aspect of the invention, a scroll bar is displayed alongsidethe information display, and the visible mark or marks appears on thescroll bar at locations corresponding to the desired information.

In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, acomputerized system provides the user with means to shrink lessimportant or less significant portions of the information displayed,with the result of magnifying the portions that the user deemssignificant. In accordance with this aspect, the invention can be viewedas a user-friendly relativity controller tool that enables users tospecify what is important to them, and modify the portion of theirperceptual space that that information takes up, in a fisheye variant.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the resultantinformation can still occupy the same window where originally displayed,but with certain segments shrunk and other segmemts in comparisonstanding out or becoming more prominent.

In accordance with still other aspects of the invention, the relativitycontroller of the invention is implemented by simply pointing to thescreen and actuating a control device. In a preferred embodiment, amouse button is pressed to mark the beginning and end of segments of theinformation to be marked. A further feature is that multiple segmentscan be marked in this manner. Thus, the relativity controller of theinvention not only allows users to mark the scope of one or more salientsegments, but also will cause the display to simultaneously shrink thenon-marked portions and in effect zoom into the multiple-marked segmentsin a single step. The result is a non-linear display of the availableinformation. As a further feature, simultaneously with selective zoomingof the information, the display of the scroll bar is correspondinglymodified to show in the context of the total information the marked andnon-marked portions of the displayed information.

The major benefits is to allow users to quickly navigate through a largeinformation space and to control the salience of the displayedinformation in the context of the full display while conserving displayarea, sometime called desktop real estate. Moreover, maintaining asingle window for the data and giving users the ability to visuallynavigate across the whole data via the scroll bar together with theability to select the salient segments as well as the level of zoom, allin a single step, greatly enhances the ability of the user to copeintelligently and rapidly with large information structures containinglarge numbers of objects.

The above and further objects, details and advantages of the presentinvention will become apparent from the following detailed descriptionof preferred embodiments thereof, when read in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings.

SUMMARY OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a typical computer system;

FIGS. 2-6 schematically illustrate one form of the invention for usewith audio representations;

FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of a scroll bar in accordance with anotherform of the invention;

FIG. 8 is a combined screen display and scroll bar of audio informationin accordance with the invention;

FIGS. 9-11 illustrate various screen displays of text informationproduced by one form of the computerized system of the invention;

FIG. 12 shows various screen displays of video information produced byanother form of the computerized system of the invention;

FIG. 13 illustrates, schematically, various cursor shapes produced by asystem of the invention;

FIG. 14 shows a screen menu that can be used with the system of theinvention;

FIGS. 15-33 are flow charts for implementing one form of computerizedsystem of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 shows a typical computerized system 10, comprising a console 11containing a CPU 12, memory 13 in the form of RAM, ROM and disk, and I/Ocircuitry 14 connected to a monitor 15 having a display screen 16, andcontrol devices in the form of keyboard 17 and a mouse 18. The mouse 18typically contains button switches 19 operated by a user of the system.A cursor or pointer 20 is typically displayed on the screen 16 and itsposition is controllable via the mouse 18 or the keyboard 17 as is wellknown. A typical window 21 is displayed on the screen 16, with a titlebar 22 in the window.

The following terms used herein will have the following meanings.

“Object” means any representation of information or of a data structurethat can be displayed on the monitor screen, and includes one or moretext characters, one or more sound representations such as a digitalsample, a video representation such as a video frame, and in general anygraphic's element.

“Control device” means devices manipulated by users to move cursorsaround a screen, and include a mouse and keyboard.

“Pointing” to an object on screen means actuating the control device tomove the cursor so that it is over or adjacent the object. When thecursor is a pointer such an arrow, it means moving the arrow tip closeto the object.

“Clicking” on an object means to press and quickly release a switch onthe control device, such as a button on a mouse, when the cursor ispointing to the object.

“Dragging” means to click on the object, and while holding the switchactivated, to manipulate the control device to move the object to a newscreen location, and then to release the switch to fix the new screenlocation of the object.

“Double-clicking” an object on screen is by pointing to the object andclicking twice rapidly, often used for special control purposes.

“Shrinking” the display of objects means reducing the time or spacenormally allocated to display the objects, and includes shrinking themto the point where they essentially disappear from the display.

A “scroll bar” is a common control device displayed alongside a window,having, typically, at opposite ends small arrowed scroll boxes orbuttons that when clicked on by the user causes the window contents toscroll.

A “button” or “box” on a scroll bar is a representation of a controldevice for use with a mouse.

A “thumb” is a button or box on the scroll bar, between its ends, whichmoves and whose location on the scroll bar corresponds to the locationin the whole information of the current view.

FIGS. 2-14 illustrate several ways in which the invention may be used.While the invention will be described in connection with a Macintoshpersonal computer (PC), which employs a graphics user interface (GUI),it is also usable with other PCs or workstations using other operatingsystems with GUIs, such as UNIX with X-windows, and DOS with Windows.

The first example concerns a sound representation. As illustrated inFIG. 2 on top, a user can sample audio 24 into a computer 25 asdescribed in the Macintosh user's manual, or alternatively record audio24 onto tape 26 and then sample into the computer 25. The computerprocesses the sound data 28 into a visual representation 29, based, forexample, on Cochlear models, principal component analysis, or FastFourier Transforms, as shown in FIG. 3. The result is displayed on themonitor screen 16 and can also be heard 30 by the user. The typicalmonitor screen contains a scroll bar 32 for scrolling through the soundrepresentation using a left arrow button 33 to scroll to the left, and aright arrow button 34 to scroll to the right. A thumb representation orbutton 35 which is displayed on the scroll bar shows by its location theportion of the sound representation displayed in the context of thewhole sound. In other words, if the thumb 35 is at the center of thescroll bar 32, then the sound displayed is at the middle of therecording.

In a usual GUI display, a horizontal title bar 37 is located on top anda vertical menu or tool bar 38 is displayed at the left side. Clickingon any of the icons displayed in the tool bar will invoke appropriatesoftware routines to carry out the function indicated by the icon. Inthis particular example, the user desires to annotate the soundrepresentation, and the icons can represent an EDIT function, or a DRAWfunction including certain graphic symbols to be pasted into the soundrepresentation.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the computer hasbeen trained or customized to recognize meaningful objects and markthem. In this particular case, a meaningful object can be any soundrepresentation above a certain amplitude, i.e., loud sounds, but thecomputer can choose instead certain frequencies or ranges or certainsound sequences. Marking means with respect to the data structurerepresenting the object to add a tag bit or other data representing amarked time or space position or point. If it is desired to mark asegment, meaning a temporal sequence of objects, then one tag data canrepresent the beginning of the marked segment, and another data bit canrepresent the end of the marked segment.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the mark isdisplayed on the display. In FIG. 5 a diamond mark 40 is shown toindicate the temporal position of the large amplitude sound 41. Whenmarks 40 are displayed at the salient points, the user can quicklyfast-forward through the unmarked areas and then stop at or slowly playthe marked points or segments by observing the mark or by programmingthe computer to automatically stop at marked points.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the scroll bartemporal representation is modified to display the marked points orsegments. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5, a densityrepresentation on the scroll bar is modified, with high density regions42 representing unmarked segments, and low density regions 43representing marked segments. Thus, while only a portion of the wholestored sound representation may be displayed in the window shown, thescroll bar in the window shown will show the positions of the markedsegments or salient points relative to the whole set of objects stored.Thus, the user can quickly navigate to the salient points by theconventional fast forward or rewind buttons to reach and observe theannotated regions. FIG. 6 illustrates the customized annotation 44 addedby the user to the. sound representation. These annotations are alsouseful for indexing, hyper-navigation, and multi-sound catalogs. It isunderstood that marking 43 on the scroll bar can be used separately(FIG. 6) or together with marking 40 (FIG. 5) on the document display.

FIG. 7 shows an enlarged view of the scroll bar 32 indicating how highdensity 42 and low density 43 appearances can indicate non-marked andmarked segments, respectively.

It will also be observed that the scope or range of the marked objectsis visible on the scroll bar 32 by the width of low density segments 43.

FIG. 8 shows another view of a screen window with a title bar 45 and ascroll bar 46 having scroll buttons 47 and 48, and a conventional windowsize button 49. An audio representation is displayed with marks 50 onthe display and marks 51 on the scroll bar indicated by the arrows.

In accordance with a further feature of the invention, means can beprovided to execute a relativity controller function. This can beimplemented automatically whenever a marking of salient points is made,or it can be implemented by, for example, pointing to the scroll bar,clicking, and then dragging the mouse perpendicular to the scroll bar,or it can be implemented, as explained later, by clicking on a specialbutton added to the scroll bar and then dragging the mouse. In the flowcharts described later, an option key is also used when clicking on thescroll bar. When the relativity controller function is activated, thecomputer modifies the linear temporal representation of the sound into anon-linear representation, with the non-marked segments shrunken in timeand the marked segments expanded in time into the resultant emptyregions and thus magnified. This is also illustrated in FIG. 8 whichdisplays a large portion containing marked segments 51 indicated by thearrows and unmarked segments 52. If the user then plays through thatportion of recorded sound, it will play at normal speed through themarked segments 51, but will fast-forward at, say, twice the normalspeed through the unmarked segments 52. In the resultant display, themarked segments 51, having been expanded in time, show actual digitalsamples, whereas the unmarked segments 52 condense the samples intoblack bars.

FIGS. 9 and 10 indicate the effects on a text document. FIG. 9 shows aday calendar 54 with a linear representation of time events from thehours of 8 a.m.-1 a.m. FIG. 10 shows the representation obtained in theinvention. In this case, a vertical scroll bar 55 is at the rightcontaining the usual scroll boxes 56 at top and bottom. In this case,the salient points as shown are determined by the user. The remainingtimes, being of less importance in this example, are shrunk temporally.No magnification of the salient times has occurred but now the range oftimes shown has expanded to 7 a.m.-2 a.m. The resultant non-linearrepresentation is replicated in the scroll bar 55 by the density of thehorizontal lines.

FIG. 11 shows another example of application of the invention to textdocuments. FIG. 11 depicts one page 57 of linear spatially depictedtext, which would normally be displayed as a single screen with itsaccompanying vertical scroll bar 58 with, in this case, a relativitycontroller box 60. Three text lines have been highlighted 61 as salient.The thumb 62, it will be noted, has a certain size (height), showing asbefore one marked salient segment on the page. When the relativitycontroller box 60 is clicked on and dragged rightward (toward the rightside of the mouse pad), reference numeral 64 now shows the resultantscreen display. Note now that the non-salient (non-highlighted) parts ofthe original screen 57 have been shrunk or condensed, so that now notonly the original marked segment 61 is visible but also a second markedsegment 65. Note further that the thumb 62 a has enlarged to indicatethe increased number of visible salient points. Screen 64 also shows howthe unmarked “insignificant” text above and below the salient segmentsshrink up, and disappear in the third screen 67 shown at the right whenscaling perspective, as other salient segments 68 come into view. Thus,when the second screen 64 has segments 61,65 marked, and when thecontroller box 60 is clicked on and again dragged to the right, more ofthe succeeding text can be displayed as illustrated in the third screen67. Again note the increased size of the thumb 62 b. In all three cases,the scroll bar 58 illustrates at 70 the scope of the salient segmentsand thus the modified text representation. The text abstract generated67 in this process could be presented in library search systems, so thatthe user could then more readily scan and expand the view to give moredetails as desired.

FIG. 12 depicts application of the invention to video, for example, withApple QuickTime video. QuickTime allows a user to play through a videopresentation with a window just like playing a video tape on a VCR,except that QuickTime also allows editing of one or more of the framesmaking up the video. In this case, three successive screens 72, 73 and74 are depicted, only one of which would appear at a time in the window.Each screen has its accompanying scroll bar 75 having a relativitycontroller box 76 at the left end, and a thumb 77 showing the temporalposition of the video frame being displayed. Note also markings 78displayed on the scroll bar 75 to represent marked segments. This figureand FIG. 13 also illustrates user control of the magnification. Notethat the relativity controller box 76 also shows different sized scrollrepresentations to inform the user of its function. In this example,when the user clicks on the controller box 76, a cursor 80 is displayedon the screen. While holding down the mouse button, when the user moveshis or her mouse upwards, represented by image 82 (which is not actuallydisplayed) the cursor 80 appearance changes with a larger white spaceregion 81 to indicate higher magnification. During the movement, whichis reversible—up for increased magnification, down for reducedmagnification—, only one cursor image 79 is displayed, the full lineimage, representing the selected magnification level. The other grayedimages are not displayed. When the user releases the mouse button, theselection of the magnification level is completed and may be stored withthe data structure representation of the video if desired. In thisinstance, seven discrete levels of magnification are possible, but theinvention also contemplates continuous change in magnification level. Inthe latter case, it is preferred to display a slide control with button,movable by the user to select the desired magnification level such as isused in the Macintosh volume control.

Note further, in FIG. 12 how the user's marked segments 78 of video getlonger and the scroller (above and below mark) gets lighter as thespacing between marks condenses and darkens when the user scalesperspective by moving the mouse upwards, toward the top of the mousepad. Also, note how the scroll bar appearance changes to reflect thesize of the marks in relation to the length of the whole video.

Marking of the video can occur in the same manner as the audio, such aspressing a mouse button when the cursor is on the video to mark thebeginning of a segment and releasing the button to mark the end of thesegment. The resultant marks can be displayed on the video, or in thescroll bar, or on both.

In this aspect of the invention, not only is the user allowed to selectand display the scope of salient segments, but as a further featureallows the user to vary the degree of magnification of the salientsegments. It will also be understood that, besides size, other scrollbar changes can be used to represent the salient segments and/ordifferent levels of magnification. For example, different colors can beused to represent on the scroll bar the salient and non-salient segmentsselected at different times or by different users, and if desired theintensity of the color used to illustrate level of magnifications.

The relativity controller application program will not interfere withthe normal functions available in programs such as Apple QuickTime,while providing the additional functions described above. A listing ofavailable functions for a preferred embodiment, which is not meant to belimiting, appears below, to be used with, for example, an EDIT menu asdepicted in FIG. 14.

The edit menu allows the user to perform the normal functions ondisplayed information, as well as the ability to remove any marks madeby the user on the screen display or the scroll bar. what appears belowis a description of functions available to the user to carry out theinvention. One way of implementing these functions in software are shownin the program flow charts illustrated in FIGS. 15-33. The functionsincluded are for the video of FIGS. 12 and 13, but obviously can bemodified and applied to audio or text. Also, in the description of thesebutton functions, the relativity controller has also been referred asthe scale perspective button.

Adjust position in movie time

click or drag mouse in scroll bar

Play & Pause movies from/to anywhere in movie (beginning<-> end)

press Play/Pause button

Mark segments of movies (while playing or paused)

press mouse (and hold down for duration of mark) within movie window

Review individual marked segments

click on a mark, and press Play Segment button

Adjust relationship between marked and unmarked segments

click on Scale Perspective button and drag mouse vertically (up intomovie-> relative scaling; down out from movie-> absolute scaling)

option-click on slider thumb and drag mouse vertically (one stepnavigation to/from specific point in time & resolution)

Remove 1 or all marks in movie

click on a mark, and select Remove Marker (cmd-R) from Edit Menu

click on a mark, gesture (press, drag, lift) left with mouse withinmouse within movie window

select Remove All Markers from Edit Menu

Change current marking color

use Apple ‘Color’ control panel to choose Selection Color (mayfacilitate collaboration of groups of people (diff. color per person))

Copy frames or marked segments to the Macintosh clipboard & otherapplications

select Copy Frame or Copy Segment (cmd-C) from the Edit Menu

Save document marks and perspective

select Save (cmd-S) from File Menu

High Speed annotation:

adjust Scale, press Play, then mark segments

can also be used by scaling to fast-forward to stop when hits a markedsegment.

As is conventional in the Macintosh, the left button 83 (FIG. 12) on thescroll bar represents the play button which then converts to pauseduring play. The right button 84 can thus be used by clicking as a playsegment or play mark button.

Various features of the invention as well as modifications are alsoindicated below:

Marks can be drawn inside scroll bar to keep desktop real estate usagedown

Marks can be colored to indicate different users or states of notation

Scale Perspective cursor changes (while adjusting scale) to reflect sizeof segments in scroller (also dynamically changing)

Relationship between marked and unmarked segments is reflected in:

speed of playback (unmarked segments speed-up with perspectiverelativity)

size of marks in scroll bar (unmarked segments shrink in proportion toplay speed) (marked segments enlarge to fill the remaining scroll barspace)

color of scroll bar area: indicating density of scale (looks like depthof field) (unmarked segments get darker in proportion to size in scrollbar & speed) (marked segments get lighter in proportion to size inscroll bar)

At more relative scale, user has higher resolution access to time inthat area (moving scroll thumb passes through less frames per pixel)

Overlapping marked areas join to form single marks (with 1 scope & 1color if desired)

if new mark falls between original startTime and endTime, thennewColor=¼ (new)+¾ (orig.)

if new mark overlaps original startTime or endTime, thennewColor=(orig.+new)/2

if new mark overlaps both original startTime and endTime, thennewColor=¾ (new)+¼ (orig.)

‘Save’ menu item is enabled when user modifies marks or scale(perspective is part of the document)

Marks & scale are saved inside movie files as QuickTime ‘user data’Markdata consists of scope (startTime, endTime) and color when chosen (RGB)

Gives audio feedback when removing marks from segments

Marked movies have unique ‘stamped movie’ icon on Desktop

Also listed below is a summary of a few data types with examples of howthe invention can be applied:

DATA TYPE: APPLICATIONS: Schedules personal profile based time scalingSound annotation & editing Video annotation & editing Text dataretrieval & abstract searching CAD & PICT scaling space to dimensions ofexperiential perspective

Implementation of the various forms of the invention will be evident tothose skilled in the art. Reference is made to “Inside Macintosh”,(published by Addsion-Wesley) which provides the code for developers forvarious kinds of interface constructs, such as scroll bars, controlbars, slide controls, and boxes used therein, as well as how to displaythem in different colors or appearances, and how to invoke programroutines when a user clicks on a box or icon, and how to change theappearance of an icon-when a routine is executed. See, also, U.S. Pat.No. 4,931,783, which describes operation of a system with the AppleGraphical User Interface, whose contents are herein incorporated byreference.

To further assist those skilled in the art, FIGS. 15-33 are flow chartsof one form of program suitable to implement a user selecting anddisplaying in accordance with the invention desired salient of a videopresentation.

The person skilled in the art will have no trouble in understanding andimplementing the flow charts illustrated. Virtually all of thestatements printed in the flow chart boxes are understandable, and noneed exists to repeat the text herein. However, certain statementsrequire some explanation. The statements in the blocks indicated bydouble lines, such as block 85 in FIG. 17, represent calls tosubroutines as labeled that are detailed in another of the figures.Thus, the Track Thumb routine 85 flow chart is shown in FIG. 29. In thelabels, “button” refers to the mouse button, a “pressed” button, as inthe Macintosh, changes its 3-d appearance to appear pressed; an“unpressed” button is the reverse. “Play segment” refers to the rightbutton 84 in FIG. 12. The examples given are with a colored scroll barto represent the marked segments. “Zoom” designates magnification level.“Stamp cursor” means that when the screen cursor is moved within themovie displays, the cursor shape changes to resemble a rubber handstamp, indicating to the user that by clicking, he or she can mark(stamp) the document to indicate a salient point. “Play speed” refers toplay speed of the video. “Update scroller” means to redo the scroll barto show user selections. Conducting tests are indicated in the boxes byquestion marks (?); Y or N indicates the test was or was not successful.

To summarize some important aspects of the invention:

Linear density of scroll bar (i.e. ruler) can be varied with documentsalience density;

Scrolling rate can be varied with document content density;

Amount of document in window can be varied with document saliencedensity;

The zoom control function can be implemented by clicking the scaleperspective button and dragging perpendicular to scroll bar to zoombetween perspectives:

drag out from document->absolute scaling and

drag towards document->relative scaling.

As a further alternative, the user can press an option key and click onthe scroll bar, which will jump the thumb to the pointer position andsimultaneously allow the user to scroll by moving the mouse horizontallyand to change scale or magnification by moving the mouse perpendicularly(vertically) to the scroller. These changes will be visible on thescreen display as well as on the scroll bar.

Since the program of the invention runs as an application, clicking onthe document display can readily be used to add to the document datastructure in memory the time or spatial position of the salient markeddisplay portion when/where the pointer rested.

Marking data structures will be evident to those skilled in the art. Fortext documents, adding a mark is generally similar to adding aformatting or printing code to the stored text. Marking video is similarto text marking, except that remembering character position is replacedby remembering time position and storing it in the user data portion ofthe movie.

As further marking alternatives, for video, the mouse button for markingcan be held depressed while the video plays and released to define amarking point or segment. For text, the salient text can be highlightedand a menu dropped to select a marking function.

Although there have been described what are at present considered to bethe preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be understood thatthe invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departingfrom the essential characteristics therof. The present embodiments aretherefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative, and notrestrictive. This scope of the invention is indicated by the appendedclaims rather than by the foregoing description.

APPENDIX A

1. Mackinlay, J., Robertson, G., and Card, S. The Perspective Wall:Detail and Context Smoothly Integrated. Proceedings ACMCHI '91 HumanFactors in Computing Systems Conference (New Orleans, La., Apr. 27-May2, 1991). ACM, New York, pp. 173-179.

2. Furnas, G. Generalized Fisheye Views. Proceedings ACM CHI '86 HumanFactors in Computing Systems Conference (Boston, Mass, Apr. 13-17,1986). ACM, New York, pp. 16-23.

3. Mills, M., Cohen, J., & Wong Y. Y. A Magnifier Tool for Video Data.Proceedings ACM CHI '92 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference(Monterey, Cailf., May 3-7, 1992). ACM, New York, pp. 93-98.

4. Degen, L., Mander, R., Salomon, G. Working with Audio: IntegratingPersonal Tape Recorders and Desktop Computers. Proceedings ACM CHI '92Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference (Monterey, Calif., May3-7, 1992). ACM, New York, 1992, pp. 413-418.

5. Chimera, R. Value Bars: An Information Visualization and NavigationTool for Multi-attribute Listings. Proceedings ACM CHI '92 Human Factorsin Computings Systems Conference (Monterey, Calif., May 3-7, 1992). ACM,New York, pp. 293-294.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of displaying related objects in acomputerized system comprising the steps of: (a) forming a normaldisplay of a succession of objects; (b) providing indicia marking atleast one segment of successive objects within the succession of theobjects, wherein each object in each marked segment is displayedoccupying a region of the display based on a proportion to said object'ssize and any objects not in any marked segment are displayed occupying asmaller region of the display; (c) forming a scrollbar on the displayalongside the succession of the objects, wherein the scrollbar includesa scroll thumb at a location corresponding to that of the particularobjects displayed with respect to their place within the entiresuccession of the objects; and (d) representing the beginning to the endof each marked segment with an elongated area on the scrollbar; and (e)means of changing perspective scaling of all marked segments byselectively changing the proportion used.
 2. The method of claim 1,further comprising changing the size of the scroll thumb in relation tothe proportion used.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprisingchanging the appearance of the scroll bar in relation to the size of theobjects in all marked segments to the size of all of the objects in thesuccession of the objects.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein saidchanging of appearance of the scroll bar includes changing the densityof the scroll bar.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein said changing ofappearance of the scroll bar includes changing the color of the scrollbar.